ADDING Vignette and vignette from lens/filter is two thing ..
Should say Vignette and "DARK corner" is not the same. Some nice old german glasses have vignette, but not dark corner. (lost of light vs dark shadow)
There is nothing wrong with 17-40 on 50D, actually, it is still slightly nicer then the 17-55 (Bokeh/Colour/Sharpness) however, 17-55 is faster (F2.8 vs F4) better/longer range, and very effective IS, 17-55IS is reasonable close to "L" lens construction, but I guess Canon don't want to call a crop lens "L" (luxury)
I actually use my 18-55/15-85/18-135 etc more then 17-55 or 17-40 on crop bodies .. I guess just habbit.
Back to ND, 77mm filters are not cheap, so I understand you may not want to buy many of them, and nend up not using them much.
There is a kind of ND filter you can adjust the level, I don't have one, but worth to try, and won't add extra thickness as well. (I am old school, use 2x/4x/8x)
It very well depends on how you use the lens.
For outdoor shot I will say both 17-40 and 17-55 are roughly the same.
But for indoor shot, the IS and f2.8 on 17-55 certainly boost the performance (17mm @ 1/20sec, handheld @ dim condition, no problemo... the photo is sharp, bright and clean)